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For example, on rare occasions, there may 
be a special need to encourage the widest 
possible use of a certain library, so that it 
becomes a de-facto standard. To achieve 
this, non-free programs must be allowed to 
use the library. A more frequent case is that 
a free library does the same job as widely 
used non-free libraries. In this case, there is 
little to gain by limiting the free library to 
free software only, so we use the Lesser 
General Public License. 
In other cases, permission to use a 
particular library in non-free programs 
enables a greater number of people to use 
a large body of free software. For example, 
permission to use the GNU C Library in non-
free programs enables many more people 
to use the whole GNU operating system, as 
well as its variant, the GNU/Linux operating 
system. 
Although the Lesser General Public License 
is Less protective of the users’ freedom, it 
does ensure that the user of a program that 
is linked with the Library has the freedom 
and the wherewithal to run that program 
using a modified version of the Library. 
The precise terms and conditions for 
copying, distribution and modification 
follow. Pay close attention to the difference 
between a “work based on the library” and a 
“work that uses the library”. The former 
contains code derived from the library, 
whereas the latter must be combined with 
the library in order to run. 

TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR 
COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND 
MODIFICATION

0. This License Agreement applies to any 

software library or other program which 
contains a notice placed by the 
copyright holder or other authorized 
party saying it may be distributed under 
the terms of this Lesser General Public 
License (also called “this License”). 
Each licensee is addressed as “you”. 
A “library” means a collection of 
software functions and/or data 
prepared so as to be conveniently linked 
with application programs (which use 
some of those functions and data) to 
form executables. 
The “Library”, below, refers to any such 
software library or work which has been 
distributed under these terms. A “work 
based on the Library” means either the 
Library or any derivative work under 
copyright law: that is to say, a work 
containing the Library or a portion of it, 
either verbatim or with modifications 
and/or translated straightforwardly into 
another language. (Hereinafter, 
translation is included without 
limitation in the term “modification”.) 
“Source code” for a work means the 
preferred form of the work for making 
modifications to it. For a library, 
complete source code means all the 
source code for all modules it contains, 
plus any associated interface definition 
files, plus the scripts used to control 
compilation and installation of the 
library. 

Activities other than copying, 
distribution and modification are not 
covered by this License; they are outside 
its scope. The act of running a program 
using the Library is not restricted, and 
output from such a program is covered 
only if its contents constitute a work 
based on the Library (independent of 
the use of the Library in a tool for writing 
it). Whether that is true depends on 
what the Library does and what the 
program that uses the Library does. 

1.  You may copy and distribute verbatim 

copies of the Library's complete source 
code as you receive it, in any medium, 
provided that you conspicuously and 
appropriately publish on each copy an 
appropriate copyright notice and 
disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all 
the notices that refer to this License and 
to the absence of any warranty; and 
distribute a copy of this License along 
with the Library. 
You may charge a fee for the physical 
act of transferring a copy, and you may 
at your option offer warranty protection 
in exchange for a fee. 

2. You may modify your copy or copies of 

the Library or any portion of it, thus 
forming a work based on the Library, 
and copy and distribute such 
modifications or work under the terms 
of Section 1 above, provided that you 
also meet all of these conditions: 
a) The modified work must itself be a 

software library.

b) You must cause the files modified to 

carry prominent notices stating that 
you changed the files and the date of 
any change.

c) You must cause the whole of the work 

to be licensed at no charge to all third 
parties under the terms of this 
License.

d) If a facility in the modified Library 

refers to a function or a table of data 
to be supplied by an application 
program that uses the facility, other 
than as an argument passed when 
the facility is invoked, then you must 
make a good faith effort to ensure 
that, in the event an application does 
not supply such function or table, the 
facility still operates, and performs 
whatever part of its purpose remains 
meaningful. 

(For example, a function in a library to 
compute square roots has a purpose 
that is entirely well-defined independent 
of the application. Therefore, 
Subsection 2d requires that any 
application-supplied function or table 
used by this function must be optional: 
if the application does not supply it, the 
square root function must still compute 
square roots.)
These requirements apply to the 
modified work as a whole. If identifiable 
sections of that work are not derived 
from the Library, and can be reasonably 
considered independent and separate 
works in themselves, then this License, 
and its terms, do not apply to those 

sections when you distribute them as 
separate works. But when you distribute 
the same sections as part of a whole 
which is a work based on the Library, 
the distribution of the whole must be on 
the terms of this License, whose 
permissions for other licensees extend 
to the entire whole, and thus to each 
and every part regardless of who wrote 
it. 
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to 
claim rights or contest your rights to 
work written entirely by you; rather, the 
intent is to exercise the right to control 
the distribution of derivative or 
collective works based on the Library. 
In addition, mere aggregation of 
another work not based on the Library 
with the Library (or with a work based on 
the Library) on a volume of a storage or 
distribution medium does not bring the 
other work under the scope of this 
License. 

3. You may opt to apply the terms of the 

ordinary GNU General Public License 
instead of this License to a given copy of 
the Library. To do this, you must alter all 
the notices that refer to this License, so 
that they refer to the ordinary GNU 
General Public License, version 2, 
instead of to this License. (If a newer 
version than version 2 of the ordinary 
GNU General Public License has 
appeared, then you can specify that 
version instead if you wish.) Do not 
make any other change in these 
notices. 
Once this change is made in a given 
copy, it is irreversible for that copy, so 
the ordinary GNU General Public 
License applies to all subsequent 
copies and derivative works made from 
that copy. 
This option is useful when you wish to 
copy part of the code of the Library into 
a program that is not a library. 

4. You may copy and distribute the Library 

(or a portion or derivative of it, under 
Section 2) in object code or executable 
form under the terms of Sections 1 and 
2 above provided that you accompany it 
with the complete corresponding 
machine-readable source code, which 
must be distributed under the terms of 
Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium 
customarily used for software 
interchange. 
If distribution of object code is made by 
offering access to copy from a 
designated place, then offering 
equivalent access to copy the source 
code from the same place satisfies the 
requirement to distribute the source 
code, even though third parties are not 
compelled to copy the source along 
with the object code. 

5. A program that contains no derivative of 

any portion of the Library, but is 
designed to work with the Library by 
being compiled or linked with it, is 
called a “work that uses the Library”. 

Such a work, in isolation, is not a 
derivative work of the Library, and 
therefore falls outside the scope of this 
License. 
However, linking a “work that uses the 
Library” with the Library creates an 
executable that is a derivative of the 
Library (because it contains portions of 
the Library), rather than a “work that 
uses the library”. The executable is 
therefore covered by this License. 
Section 6 states terms for distribution of 
such executables. 
When a “work that uses the Library” 
uses material from a header file that is 
part of the Library, the object code for 
the work may be a derivative work of the 
Library even though the source code is 
not. Whether this is true is especially 
significant if the work can be linked 
without the Library, or if the work is itself 
a library. The threshold for this to be true 
is not precisely defined by law. 
If such an object file uses only 
numerical parameters, data structure 
layouts and accessors, and small 
macros and small inline functions (ten 
lines or less in length), then the use of 
the object file is unrestricted, 
regardless of whether it is legally a 
derivative work. (Executables 
containing this object code plus 
portions of the Library will still fall under 
Section 6.) 
Otherwise, if the work is a derivative of 
the Library, you may distribute the 
object code for the work under the 
terms of Section 6. Any executables 
containing that work also fall under 
Section 6, whether or not they are linked 
directly with the Library itself. 

6. As an exception to the Sections above, 

you may also combine or link a “work 
that uses the Library” with the Library to 
produce a work containing portions of 
the Library, and distribute that work 
under terms of your choice, provided 
that the terms permit modification of 
the work for the customer’s own use 
and reverse engineering for debugging 
such modifications. 
You must give prominent notice with 
each copy of the work that the Library is 
used in it and that the Library and its 
use are covered by this License. You 
must supply a copy of this License. If the 
work during execution displays 
copyright notices, you must include the 
copyright notice for the Library among 
them, as well as a reference directing 
the user to the copy of this License. 
Also, you must do one of these things: 
a) Accompany the work with the 

complete corresponding machine-
readable source code for the Library 
including whatever changes were 
used in the work (which must be 
distributed under Sections 1 and 2 
above); and, if the work is an 
executable linked with the Library, 
with the complete machine-readable 
“work that uses the Library”, as object 
code and/or source code, so that the 

user can modify the Library and then 
relink to produce a modified 
executable containing the modified 
Library. (It is understood that the user 
who changes the contents of 
definitions files in the Library will not 
necessarily be able to recompile the 
application to use the modified 
definitions.)

b) Use a suitable shared library 

mechanism for linking with the 
Library. A suitable mechanism is one 
that (1) uses at run time a copy of the 
library already present on the user's 
computer system, rather than 
copying library functions into the 
executable, and (2) will operate 
properly with a modified version of the 
library, if the user installs one, as long 
as the modified version is interface-
compatible with the version that the 
work was made with.

c) Accompany the work with a written 

offer, valid for at least three years, to 
give the same user the materials 
specified in Subsection 6a, above, for 
a charge no more than the cost of 
performing this distribution.

d) If distribution of the work is made by 

offering access to copy from a 
designated place, offer equivalent 
access to copy the above specified 
materials from the same place.

e) Verify that the user has already 

received a copy of these materials or 
that you have already sent this user a 
copy.

For an executable, the required form of 
the “work that uses the Library” must 
include any data and utility programs 
needed for reproducing the executable 
from it. However, as a special exception, 
the materials to be distributed need not 
include anything that is normally 
distributed (in either source or binary 
form) with the major components 
(compiler, kernel, and so on) of the 
operating system on which the 
executable runs, unless that 
component itself accompanies the 
executable. 
It may happen that this requirement 
contradicts the license restrictions of 
other proprietary libraries that do not 
normally accompany the operating 
system. Such a contradiction means 
you cannot use both them and the 
Library together in an executable that 
you distribute. 

7. You may place library facilities that are a 

work based on the Library side-by-side 
in a single library together with other 
library facilities not covered by this 
License, and distribute such a 
combined library, provided that the 
separate distribution of the work based 
on the Library and of the other library 
facilities is otherwise permitted, and 
provided that you do these two things: 

a) Accompany the combined library 

with a copy of the same work based 
on the Library, uncombined with any 
other library facilities. This must be 
distributed under the terms of the 
Sections above.

b) Give prominent notice with the 

combined library of the fact that part 
of it is a work based on the Library, 
and explaining where to find the 
accompanying uncombined form of 
the same work.

8. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, 

link with, or distribute the Library except 
as expressly provided under this 
License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, 
modify, sublicense, link with, or 
distribute the Library is void, and will 
automatically terminate your rights 
under this License. However, parties 
who have received copies, or rights, 
from you under this License will not 
have their licenses terminated so long 
as such parties remain in full 
compliance. 

9. You are not required to accept this 

License, since you have not signed it. 
However, nothing else grants you 
permission to modify or distribute the 
Library or its derivative works. These 
actions are prohibited by law if you do 
not accept this License. Therefore, by 
modifying or distributing the Library (or 
any work based on the Library), you 
indicate your acceptance of this 
License to do so, and all its terms and 
conditions for copying, distributing or 
modifying the Library or works based on 
it. 

10. Each time you redistribute the Library 

(or any work based on the Library), the 
recipient automatically receives a 
license from the original licensor to 
copy, distribute, link with or modify the 
Library subject to these terms and 
conditions. You may not impose any 
further restrictions on the recipients’ 
exercise of the rights granted herein. 
You are not responsible for enforcing 
compliance by third parties with this 
License. 

11. If, as a consequence of a court 

judgment or allegation of patent 
infringement or for any other reason 
(not limited to patent issues), 
conditions are imposed on you (whether 
by court order, agreement or otherwise) 
that contradict the conditions of this 
License, they do not excuse you from 
the conditions of this License. If you 
cannot distribute so as to satisfy 
simultaneously your obligations under 
this License and any other pertinent 
obligations, then as a consequence you 
may not distribute the Library at all. For 
example, if a patent license would not 
permit royalty-free redistribution of the 
Library by all those who receive copies 
directly or indirectly through you, then 
the only way you could satisfy both it 
and this License would be to refrain 
entirely from distribution of the Library.